Many children’s magazines displayed the flag and reminded young Americans that they had a role to play in the war effort. Schools held bond drives to raise money for military equipment. Scout troops and other youth groups collected scrap metal, paper, and rubber for recycling. In the classroom, children were taught the values of democracy, citizenship, and loyalty, as well as the necessity of thrift and sacrifice. Patriotic education centered on the flag and on the Pledge of Allegiance, recited in schools since 1892 and officially adopted by Congress on June 22, 1942.